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Monday 22 November 2010

JENIS-JENIS TEKS

Terdapat 5 jenis teks:
1. Recount
2. Narrative
3. Procedural
4. Report
5. Descriptive

A. Teks Recount
1. Ciri-ciri Utama:

Tujuan:
Teks Recount hanya bertujuan untuk mendokumentasikan serangkaian kejadian.

Struktur Generik:
Bagian-bagian teks Recount adalah:
a. Orientasi, yang memberi informasi tentang “who”, “where”, dan “when”
b. Rekaman kejadian, biasanya disusun sesuai dengan kronologinya
c. Komentar pribadi dan atau evaluasi
d. Rekaman kejadian
e. Reorientasi untuk menutup seluruh kejadian

Grammar:
Pola umum yang digunakan dalam teks Recount adalah:
a. Penggunaan noun dan pronoun untuk mengidentifikasi orang, binatang atau benda yang ada dalam teks
b. Penggunaan action verb untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian
c. Penggunaan Past Tense
d. Penggunaan conjunction (kata penghubung) dan time connective
e. Penggunaan adverb dan adverbial phrase
f. Penggunaan adjective

2. Contoh teks Recount

An Excursion to the Botanic Gardens


On Thursday 24 April we went to the Botanic Gardens. We walked down and boarded the bus.

After we arrived at the gardens we walked down to the Education Centre. Year Three went to have a look around. First we went to the First Farm and Mrs. James read us some of the information. Then we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot in the Botanic Gardens and had morning tea.

Next we did sketching and then we met back at the Education Centre with Year Four to have lunch. Soon after it was time for us to go and make our terrarium while Year Four went to have their walk.

A lady took us into a special room and introduced herself, then she explained what we were going to do. Next she took us into a pyramid terrarium and another one. It was most interesting. Later we went back and made our terrariums.

Soon after we had finished we went back outside and met Year Four. Then we boarded the bus and returned to school.


Language Features

• Penggunaan kata-kata tertentu untuk memberi informasi, misal: Botanic Garden, plants

• Penggunaan action verb, seperti: walked, went, marked

• Penggunaan Past Tense, seperti contoh di atas

• Penggunaan kalimat majemuk, seperti: “when we were there we hopped off the bus”

• Penggunaan conjunction dan connective untuk memilah-milah kejadian sesuai waktu, seperti: when, then, first, next

• Penggunaan keterangan waktu dan tempat, seperti: On Thursday, 24 April, on the bus

• Penggunaan Reported Speech, seperti: “she explained what we were going to do”

• Penggunaan saying verb, seperti: explained.




B. Teks Narrative
1. Ciri-ciri Utama

Tujuan:
Teks narrative berisi serangkaian kejadian yang memuat konflik dan atau akhir yang tidak terduga. Konflik dan akhir yang tidak terduga inilah yang menghibur pembaca.

Struktur Generik:
Teks Narrative biasanya terdiri dari:
a. Orientation – tahap ini memperkenalkan pembaca pada apa yang akan terjadi, biasanya dengan cara memperkenalkan tokoh utama, seting waktu dan tempat.
b. Complication – pada bagian ini, mulai muncul permasalahan, misalnya kunjungan ke sebuah rumah kosong menjadi masalah ketika si pencerita menyadari ia telah terkunci sendirian di rumah tersebut.
c. Resolution – pada bagian ini permasalahan yang muncul diselesaikan
d. Coda – bagian ini tidak harus ada. Bagian ini menunjukkan bagaimana pelaku berubah dan telah belajar dari kejadian yang dialaminya.

Grammar:
a. Penggunaan kata benda untuk menggambarkan orang, benda, dan hewan dalam cerita
b. Penggunaan kata sifat untuk menggambarkan orang, benda, dan hewan dalam cerita
c. Penggunaan time connective dan conjuction
d. Penggunaan kata keterangan dan frasa kata keterangan (adverbial phrase)
e. Penggunaan past tense
f. Penggunaan saying verb dan thinking verb untuk menunjukkan apa yang dirasakan dan dikatakan oleh pelaku

2. Contoh Teks Narative

Three Year Old Adventure


One Morning, Mrs. Murphy took her three year old son, Peter, for a walk in Green Park. There she saw some people playing with radio-controlled boats. Hr son, in the meantime saw some ducks and geese near the water and chased them. He went further and further away from his mother.

After sometime, Mrs. Murphy decided to return home. She looked for Peter all around the lake. There was no sign of Peter. She rang Mr. Murphy in his office and he rushed to the Park. He decided to call the police and they searched all around the lake. They were looking for footprints near the water. The policeman thought that he might have fallen into the water.

Late in the afternoon, a passer-by, noticed a boy lying under a bush fast asleep. He told the policeman what he had seen. The policeman found the boy and carried him to his parents. Peter was hungry and thirsty and he was frightened. But Mr. and Mrs. Murphy were so delighted to find their son.

They thanked the policemen and the passer-by who spotted Peter. It was a happy family that returned home.



Language Features

• Penggunaan kata-kata yang sesuai untuk membangun informasi, seperti: son, Green Park, ducks, geese

• Penggunaan kata kerja aksi (action verb), seperti look for, rang, rushed

• Penggunaan past tense

• Penggunaan Noun-Phrase, seperti: He told the policeman what he had seen

• Penggunaan adjective, seperti: hungry, thirsty, frightened, delighted.

• Penggunaan Adjective Clause, sepert: …and the passer-by who spotted Peter. It was a happy family that returned home.


C. Teks Procedural
1. Ciri-ciri Utama

Tujuan:
Teks procedural berisi serangkaian langkah-langkah untuk membuat sesuatu

Struktur Generik:
a. Goal – apa yang jadi tujuan (apa yang akan dibuat)
b. Materials needed – bahan dan alat apa saja yang dibutuhkan
c. Prodecures – Langkah-langkah yang harus ditempuh

Grammar:
a. Penggunaan Imperative
b. Penggunaan kata benda, frasa kata benda
c. Penggunaan kata sifat
d. Penggunaan linking adverb (first, second, third, finally… atau first, next, then, finally)

2. Contoh Teks Procedural

FRIED RICE


Ingredients:
a plate of rice
2 tablespoons oil
1 tablespoons soybean sauce
1 egg
5 shallots
2 cloves of garlic
some salt and pepper

Equipments:
a knife
a frying pan
a spatula
a plate

Steps:
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate




Language Features


• Penggunaan kata benda dan frasa kata benda (Noun Group).

• Penggunaan Countable dan Uncountable Nouns

• Penggunaan Imperative

• Penggunaan action verb



D. Teks Report
1. Ciri-ciri Utama

Tujuan:
Teks report bertujuan untuk menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu. Pada umumnya teks report menggambarkan hampir semua kelompok benda, baik alami maupun buatan, mamalia, planet, bebatuan, tanaman, komputer, negara, transportasi, dll.

Struktur Generik:
a. Sebuah pernyataan umum yang menggambarkan subyek yang akan dilaporkan, bisa berupa definisi atau klasifikasi
b. Deskripsi (serangkaian informasi tentang subyek, misal ciri-ciri, perilaku, atau tipe)

Grammar:
a. Penggunaan kata benda umum, contoh: “Hunting Dogs” dan bukan “My Dog”
b. Penggunaan kata kerja penghubung (relating/linking verb) untuk menggambarkan ciri suatu benda
c. Penggunaan beberapa action verb untuk menggambarkan perilaku, seperti: emus cannot fly
d. Penggunaan timeless present tense untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan, contoh: some sharks attack humans
e. Penggunaan istilah-istilah teknis, seperti: sharks have cartilage instead of bones
f. Penggunaan paragraph yang berisi kalimat topik untuk menata serangkaian informasi
g. Pengulangan penyebutan topik


2. Contoh Teks Report

Shark Report



A shark is a type of fish that lives in the sea. It is one of the largest sea creatures. There are over 350 species. A shark is shaped like a torpedo. It has rough skin like sandpaper. Instead of bones it has elastic cartilage which helps them to move easily. It can grow up to 8 meters.

Shark are found in all oceans around the world. The type of shark found will depend on the water’s temperature. A shark has to keep moving en it is asleep because it will sink or suffocate. It has to keep moving because it needs to breathe through its gills to keep alive.

When sharks are hungry, they look for food. Different sharks eat different food. Harmless sharks eat plankton but harmful sharks eat meat.

Sharks have up to forty two babies (which are called pups) at a time. When the pups are born, they leave straight away because the mother shark does not have teats.

Some sharks have their pups in different ways, some lay eggs while others have them alive. When they are born they need to defend themselves because they have no one to help them.




Language Features


• Penggunaan Present Tense

• Penggunaan istilah-istilah teknis: elastic, cartilage, plankton.

• Penggunaan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan subyek untuk membangun informasi: shark, fisk, sea, species, oceans, water, gills, plankton

• Penggunaan “shark” sebagai fokus utama

• Penggunaan kelompok kata benda (noun groups) untuk menggambarkan sesuatu: different sharks, harmless sharks

• Penggunaan relating/linking verb, contoh: A shark is a type…, it has rough skin




E. Teks Descriptive
1. Ciri-ciri Utama

Tujuan:
Teks descriptive berfokus pada karakteristik benda tertentu, contoh: “Toby the Mongrel” (bandingkan dengan teks report yang menggambarkan benda-benda yang lebih umum, seperti “Hunting Dogs”. Subyeknya bisa saja seseorang, seperti “Granpa”, tempat, seperti “Our House”, atau benda, seperti “My favourite Game”. Isinya bisa berupa imajinasi, seperti deskripsi sebuah puisi. Isinya juga bisa berupa penggambaran yang obyektif, seperti “Robery Suspect”

Struktur Generik:
a. Introduction – pengenalan terhadap subyek yang dideskripsikan
b. Ciri-ciri subyek – seperti bentuk fisik, sifat dan perilaku, ciri-ciri khusus

Grammar:
a. Penggunaan kata benda khusus, seperti: My Teacher, The Opera House, Our Cubby
b. Penggunaan kelompok kata benda yang lebih rinci, seperti: It was a large open rowboat with a tall fron and a tall back (like a Viking boat of old), and it was of such a shining sparkling glistening pink colour
c. Penggunaan berbagai bentuk adjective, seperti describing, numbering, classifying
d. Penggunaan relating/linking verb untuk menjelaskan subyek, seperti: My mum is really cool.
e. Penggunaan kata kerja yang menunjukkan pikiran dan perasaan 2210297 pribadi penulis tentang subyek yang diceritakan, seperti: Police believe the suspect is armed. Kata kerja seperti ini digunakan juga untuk menggambarkan apa yang dipikirkan atau dirasakan subyek, seperti: My friend Amanda adores chocolate ice-cream
f. Penggunaan action verb: seperti, Our new puppy nips at our heels and wrestles with our slippers.
g. Penggunaan kata keterangan untuk menjelaskan perilaku, seperti: Our new puppy always nips playfully at our heels.
h. Penggunaan metaphor, simile, dan bahasa-bahasa figurative lainnya, seperti: But Mulga Bill, as white as chalk, sat tight…;that two-wheeled outlaw (Mulga Bill’s Bicycle)

2. Contoh Teks Descriptive

Ahmed



Ahmed was an enormous elephant – the biggest land animal on earth. He was famous because of his tusks which measured at least three meters long. They dug into the ground as he walked and got entangled in vines, so he had to hold his head high. This posture gave him a “royal” appearance.

People loved Ahmed, but poachers from all over the world were boasting and saying they would kill the big tusker. All the wildlife lovers were very worried and sent letters to President Kenyatta. The President wrote a decree that protected the elephant with five armed guards and allowed them to shoot any poachers on the spot.

One day the time came and this beloved creature sank onto his knees, rolled over and died in peace from old age.



Language Features

• Penggunaan komparatif, seperti: biggest

• Penggunaan numbering adjective, seperti three


• Penggunaan thinking verbs, seperti: loved


• Penggunaan saying verbs, seperti: saying


• Penggunaan relating/linking verb: seperti: Ahmed was an …

• Penggunaan kelompok kata benda yang lebih rinci, seperti: five armed guard

• Penggunaan action verb: shoot, rolled, died

• Penggunaan kata keterangan untuk menggambarkan perilaku

***


Ditulis ulang oleh: Agnes Bemoe
Pekanbaru, 23 November 2010

1 comment:

  1. terima kasih nih
    berguna banget buat tugas B.Inggris

    ReplyDelete